Executive Summary Essay -- Economics

Official Summary - - The 2000 were a time of huge development, Australian is a prosperous country has profited by 9 years of continuous monetary development. Be that as it may, the worldwide visitor industry was experience the ill effects of the fear monger assaults on the World Trade Center and Pentagon in the USA on 11 September 2001. In general, the Australian worldwide visitor industry keeps on being solid due to the board blend of regular condition and cosmopolitan urban areas situated here, including cutting edge, stable worldwide political circumstance and monetary flourishing. So as to build Australian universal traveler industry, Sport what's more, Tourism of Australia’s Department of Industry, Science and Assets must build up a key intend to arrive at increasingly potential guests. With Australia one of a kind regular assets, its intrigue to additional Asian voyagers come to Australia. Over the previous decade, most guests originated from the UK, Europe and North America. Presently, Australia must start a few techniques to draw in more voyagers from Asia nations. This will give Australia the best chance to extend its travel industry. Presentation In spite of the fact that Australia has been blasting, the world economy has been in downturn for quite a while. In fact, Australian the travel industry is gradually declining has been far not exactly initially anticipated. Despite the fact that the Australian government endeavors to continue development in the economy without harming the regular habitat, however these improvement don't appear to be arriving at the explorers its need to impact. Accordingly, I am requested to sum up the marco natural issues influencing Australian The travel industry and propose extra techniques that the Sport and Tourism of Australia’s Department of Industry, Sc... ...ung singles, offer a lower cost during top season by adequacy of adverting efforts and advancement in creating increasingly Asian, including: Â · Australia and Singapore have built up a Joint Tourism Council that will intend to build universal appearances to both Australia and Singapore from key markets through a co-employable association between the Australian Tourist Commission and the Singapore Tourism Board. Â · Most key administrators selling Australia have created sites giving item data, exceptional arrangements, travel clubs and pamphlets and online enquiry reaction systems. Â · There are 10 significant wholesalers/retail specialists selling Australian bunch visit bundles, with broad branch office system of deals point area. These specialists are connected with the three significant bearers: Qantas, Cathy Pacific and Singapore Airlines.

Midnights children salman rushdei Essay Example For Students

Midnights kids salman rushdei Essay 1. Remark on the author’s style and portrayal. Are the characters trustworthy or paper patterns? Funny or sad or both? Are their difficulties all inclusive to human instinct or specific to their circumstance? Rushdies storyteller, Saleem Sinai, is the Hindu youngster raised by rich Muslims. Close to the start of the novel, he educates us that he is falling apartliterally: I mean basically that I have started to split all over like an old jugthat my poor body, solitary, unattractive, rocked by an excessive amount of history, exposed to waste above and seepage underneath, damaged by entryways, brained by spittoons, has begun breaking into pieces. So, I am truly crumbling, gradually for the occasion, despite the fact that there are indications of a speeding up. Considering this tragic physical degeneration, Saleem has chosen to compose his biography, and, by chance, that of Indias, before he disintegrates into (roughly) 600 and thirty million particles of unknown, and essentially absent, dust. It appears that inside one hour of 12 PM on Indias autonomy day, 1,001 youngsters were conceived. Those kids were supplied with extraordinary forces: some can go through time, for instance; one can change sexual orientation. Saleems blessing is clairvoyance, and it is by means of this force he finds reality of his introduction to the world: that he is, actually, the result of the illegal coupling of an Indian mother and an English dad, and has usurped anothers place. His blessing likewise uncovers the characters of the various kids and the way that it is in his capacity to assemble them for a 12 PM parliament to spare the country. To do as such, be that as it may, would expose him to that other kid, initiated Shiva, who has grown up to be a brutish executioner. Saleems quandary happens against the setting of the primary long periods of autonomy: the segment of India and Pakistan, the power of The Widow Indira Gandhi, war, and, in the end, the burden of military law. 2. What is the most significant topic of the work? Spittoons show up all through Midnights Children. The theme of the spittoon permits the account to hover back on itself without losing its forward force; by reintroducing it in various settings, Rushdie incorporates significance with the picture and furnishes the peruser with a reference point and natural edge of understanding into the importance of his story. One specific spittoon, and unprecedented silver spittoon decorated with lapis lazuli, shows up toward the start of the story at the place of the Rani of Cooch Naheen, and follows the course of the account nearly until the end, where it is in the long run covered under the rubble of community reproduction by a piece of machinery. Rushdies character Saleem remarks on the noteworthiness of the spittoon at a few points in the novel, however spittoons and betel-nut biting (the Indian adaptation of BeechNut biting) take on more extensive and vaguer hugeness in different areas. The si lver spittoon turns into a connect to reality for Saleem. The accompanying citation happens when Parvati-the-Witch has dematerialized Saleem:What I clutched in that spooky existence: a silver spittoon. Which, changed such as myself by Parvati-murmured words, was in any case a token of the outside . . . grasping finely-created silver, which sparkled even in that anonymous dim, I endure. In spite of head-to-toe deadness, I was spared, maybe, by the gleams of my valuable gift. (p. 456)The after citation happens close to the finish of the book, at the occasion of the spittoons loss:I lost something different that day, other than my opportunity: pieces of machinery gulped a silver spittoon. Denied of the last item interfacing me to my progressively unmistakable, generally unquestionable past, I was taken to Benares to confront the results of my internal, 12 PM given life. (p. 515)These two citations show that the spittoon speaks to something very similar for Saleem that it accomplishes f or the peruser. It is a state of return, an exquisite however commonplace (all things considered, it is for spitting in!) token of reality in a world that takes steps to overpower with the sheer volume and assortment of its voices and encounters. Saleem is exposed to the voices of the thousand and one Midnights Children, that take steps to overwhelm his feeling of himself as an individual human, just as to the

2011 Fall Transfer Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2011 Fall Transfer Update - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2011 Fall Transfer Update I am back from time at the beach, and ready to dive into more admissions issues! The first question that comes up on most phone calls and emails is When am I going to hear about my fall transfer decision? If you are about to send that email or call us with that question, stop for a moment. First, we have received right at 2,500 fall transfer applications, and are going through them as quickly as possible. Remember, it takes a while to go through each transfer file, and it is tough to predict how long it will take to review 100 files, much less 25 times that number. We are reviewing files for the most part based on the date they are complete (application and transcripts in), so some of the timeline depends on when you applied and sent in the transcripts. My timeline has always been mid-late February through mid-May for decisions, so just be patient as we go through the files. Right now, we are working on applications that were complete in late January/early February, but we are also putting some of the more challenging ones aside so we can focus on getting as many decisions out as possible right now. Your job as a transfer applicant is to make sure that all transcripts are in and updated (check the date to make sure we have all the grades in from your colleges), and that you listed all colleges that you have ever attended (if you forgot about the dual-enrollment work, get that transcript in ASAP!). We cannot make decisions until we have all transcripts in from all colleges. Then, be patient, as we are moving as fast as we can. If you really want to make a dent, sent kind notes, thank you cards, candy (sugar and caffeine help!) addressed to our evaluation team to cheer them on and motivate them, as they get exhausted right about this time of year. Go Dawgs!

Examples of Covalent Bonds and Compounds

These are examples of covalent bonds and covalent compounds. Covalent compounds also are known as molecular compounds. Organic compounds, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are all examples of molecular compounds. You can recognize these compounds because they consist of nonmetals bonded to each other. PCl3 - phosphorus trichlorideCH3CH2OH - ethanolO3 - ozoneH2 - hydrogenH2O - waterHCl - hydrogen chlorideCH4 - methaneNH3 - ammoniaCO2 - carbon dioxide So, for example, you would not expect to find covalent bonds in a metal or alloy, such as silver, steel, or brass. You would find ionic rather than covalent bonds in a salt, such as sodium chloride. What Determines Whether a Covalent Bond Forms? Covalent bonds form when two nonmetallic atoms have the same or similar electronegativity values. So, if two identical nonmetals (e.g., two hydrogen atoms) bond together, they will form a pure covalent bond. When two dissimilar nonmetals form bonds (e.g., hydrogen and oxygen), they will form a covalent bond, but the electrons will spend more time closer to one type of atom than the other, producing a polar covalent bond.

Marketing Plans for Schools

Many private institutions are finding that they need to engage in strong marketing tactics to thrive in todays increasingly competitive market. That means more schools than ever are developing marketing plans to guide them, and for schools who dont already have strong strategies in place, it can be overwhelming to get started. Here are some tips to help you get on the right track.   Why Do I Need a Marketing Plan? Marketing plans are the roadmap to success for your office. They keep you on track so you can navigate your way through the year, and ideally next several years, without getting side-tracked. It helps remind you, and your community, of your end goals and how you’re going to get there, reducing the number of detours along the way. This is especially important for your admission office in recruiting students and for your development office in building alumni relationships and soliciting donations.   These guides help you set a plan by streamlining what you do and why you’re doing it. The why is a crucial part of your marketing, as it explains the reasoning for your actions. Validating important decisions with this â€Å"why† component is important for gaining support for the plan and ensuring that you continue to move forward with positive progress.   It’s so easy to find great inspiration at any time. But, even the greatest of ideas can derail your progress if they dont align with the messaging, goals and themes that you have for the year. Your marketing plan is what helps you reason with individuals who get excited about new ideas and remind them of the clear plan that was agreed upon going into the year. However, it’s important to still keep track of this great inspiration for future projects and plans! What Should My Marketing Plan Look Like? Do a quick Google search for marketing plan examples  and you get around 12 million results. Try another search, this time for marketing plans for schools  and you will find about 30 million results. Good luck sorting through all of those! It can be daunting to even consider creating a marketing plan, especially if you’re not sure what to do. They can be time-consuming and confusing. Jump down a bit to see recommendations for a shorter version of a marketing plan, but first, a formal marketing plan tends to be outlined as follows: Executive SummaryThe MissionDifferentiators/Value PropositionInstitutional VisionTarget AudienceSituation AnalysisInstitution, Customer, Competitor, Collaborator, ClimateSWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) AnalysisMarketing SegmentationSegment 1: Descriptions, sales reports, goals and outcomes, product usage, resource requirements, outreach plan, pricingSegment 2: Descriptions, sales reports, goals and outcomes, product usage, resource requirements, outreach plan, pricingSelected Marketing Strategies (Action Items)Why these strategies were chosen, including product, price, place, promotion, and  how they will be completed. Discuss decision variables: brand, quality, scope, warranty, packaging, price, discounts, bundling, payment terms, distribution challenges, logistics, motivating the channel, advertising, PR, budget, projected results.Alternative Marketing StrategiesThe strategies you aren’t planning to use, but were consideredShort Long Term ProjectionsG oals outcomes: The immediate effects of the proposed strategies, expected long-term results, and special actions required to achieve them.Analysis Strategies (How will you assess success)AppendixCalculations and data used to support the information above, reports from previous yearsIndustry reports and marketplace projections Its exhausted just reading that. It’s a lot of work to complete all these steps, and it often feels like the more time you spend on a marketing plan, the less you use it. You might try to get around this by finding another plan to work off of, but surprisingly, you probably never can find one that fits your needs. Why is that?   That’s because no two companies are the same, no two schools are the same; they all have different goals and needs. That’s why  the same marketing plan structure will not work for every school or company. Every organization needs something that works best for them, whatever it may be. Some experts believe that a marketing plan doesn’t have to follow an exact template or structure. So, you might want to change your perception of a marketing plan: forget about what you think it should be, and think about what you need it to be. What you  DO NOT need  out of your marketing plan: A long, complex, formal plan that addresses every problem that has ever surfaced at your school.A document that takes so long to create that you never finish it.A document that is so complex that its not a useful tool.Analysis for the sake of analysis What you  DO need  out of your marketing plan: Specific and realistic problems to solve.Achievable goals.An easily executable roadmap.Potential challenges and solutions.A way to track success. How do you develop a marketing plan? The first thing is to determine the institutional goals that are tasked to the marketing department. You can pull from a strategic plan or a marketing analysis to give you guidance.   Lets say your school needs to Improve Marketplace Position. How would you do this? Chances are, youll want to ensure that you have cohesive branding and messaging, and make sure that the entire school is in support of that messaging. Then, you will create focused publications and digital presence in support of that branding and messaging. You might find a more specific goal of increasing annual fund dollars for the development office, which is one way that the marketing office can be called upon to assist. Using these institutional goals, you can outline the various projects, goals, and action items for each department. It looks something like this for a fundraising example: CLIENT: Development OfficePROJECT: Annual FundGOALS: (3-4 main objectives for the year)Increase participation overall (# of donors)Increase donations (dollars raised)Increase online donations (dollars raised via online giving forms)Reconnect with alumniACTION ITEMS: (2-4 marketing methods to achieve the goals)Create a branded annual fund marketing programOverall MessagingDigital Strategy: Email marketing, giving form improvements, and social media outreachPrint Strategy: annual appeals, postcards, brochuresTalking Points: language that development officers can use to promote continuity of messaging. Lets look at an admission example now: CLIENT: Admission OfficePROJECT: Recruiting - increase inquiriesGOALS:Improve online user experience (make things easier to find)Increase the  number of new qualified leadsGenerate a new, expanded target audience (long-range goal)ACTION ITEMS:Redesign WebsiteEmail marketing strategySEO campaignInbound marketing strategy   Developing these mini-outlines helps you prioritize your goals and objectives for the year. It helps you keep your focus on the things that you can realistically accomplish in a given time period, and, as you saw in the admission goals, look at those goals that need more time to complete but need to get started now. You might actually have seven or eight goals for each department, but youll never get anything accomplished if you try to tackle everything at once. Pick the two-to-four things that either need the most urgent attention or will have the greatest impact on your outcomes. Just make sure you can realistically address the items in your given timeframe, which is often one academic year. Making these priorities is also helpful when you get those requests for small projects from departments other than your top clients. It gives you validity when you say, we cant accommodate this project right now, and explain why. It doesnt mean everyone will be happy with your response, but it helps you make it possible for them to understand your reasoning.   How will you carry out your marketing plan? The next step is to start thinking about the tools you have at your disposal and how youll use them. Think about marketing like giving someone a gift. The gift is the outcome of the marketing strategy: achieving your goals is the gift.The box is the tools youll use to carry out your strategy: email, social media, print, etc.The wrapping paper and bow is the concept youll use: the message and design Annual Fund Marketing Plan Case Study This is where you get to start having some fun. Brainstorm some ideas for how to tell your story. Check out this article on the Annual Fund Marketing Program created at Cheshire Academy that we called, One Word. One Gift. The strategy involved reconnecting with alumni by asking them to pick one word to describe their Cheshire Academy experience and then make one gift to the annual fund in honor of that word. It was such a success that the program helped us not only reach our goals  but also exceed them. The One Word. One Gift.  program even won two awards: the silver award for Annual Giving Programs in the CASE Excellence Awards for District I and another silver award in the 2016 CASE Circle of Excellence for Annual Giving Programs. For each of your clients (as we outlined above), you want to clearly illustrate your timeline, concept, and tools that you will use. The more you can explain why youre doing what youre doing, the better. Lets look at what this might look like for the Academys Development Annual Fund project: CONCEPT:  This branded Annual Fund endeavor combines print marketing with email, digital, and social media marketing, as well as development outreach to reconnect with current and past constituents. Designed to engage constituents in a two-part interaction with the school, this endeavor asks donors to remember what they love about Cheshire Academy by choosing one word to represent their experiences and to then make one gift to the annual fund in honor of that word. A particular emphasis will be made on encouraging online donations. A lot of hard work goes into developing these plans, which are unique to each institution. Guidelines are awesome to share, but your details are yours. That said, let me share a little more of my details than most ... The first thing I do is make sure I understand the institutional goals tasked to marketingI also make sure that I clearly outline and understand the institutional goals related to marketing. Meaning, I may not be the department directly charged with these, but my team and I will support them and work closely with them.I make sure I know which departments and goals are the highest marketing priorities for the year. Its helpful to have support from your head of school and other departments to agree with these determinations of priorities. Ive seen some schools go so far as to have signed contracts with key stakeholders to guarantee adherence to the priorities and directions.Then I work to outline  my timeline, concept, and tools for each of my top department priorities. This is important to avoid scope creep, getting off track from your intended projects. This is your reality check when people start getting lots of great ideas that may not align with the overall strategies. Not every great idea can be used at once, and its ok to say no to even the most amazing idea; just make sure you save it for later use. This is where you break down what youre doing, when, and through which channels.  I always make sure that I clearly explain why Ive developed the timeline and concept. Heres a glimpse into the print marketing strategy for my annual fund.  Share the complementary efforts youre planning to do, also. Some of these marketing initiatives dont need to be spelled out step by step, but a quick explanation of why can go a long way.Share your indicators of success for the aspects of your project. We knew we would assess the Annual Fund using these four quantitative factors.  Evaluate your success. After the first year of our annual fund marketing program, we assessed what worked well and what did not. It helped us look at our work and celebrate the things we nailed and figure out how to improve in other areas.

The Unusual Details Into Gre Awa Essay Samples That Many People Arent Aware Of

The Unusual Details Into Gre Awa Essay Samples That Many People Aren't Aware Of One of the absolute most important features about a compelling essay is its capacity to convince the reader by way of sound logical reasoning. Hemingway wrote his prose in a fashion that has come to be called the Iceberg Theory. The 30-Second Trick for Gre Awa Essay Samples You can readily find essay writing services that may write for you at cheap prices. Services where you are able to discover expert essay writer online are remarkably popular among the net. Yes, there are a number of excellent articles and sample 6. There are quite a lot of websites that can help you in evaluating your essays and also in supplying you with useful GRE sample essays. Just don't forget to save your essay into a distinct document on your computer so that you can return and read and score it afterwards. In the present edition, the computer software skips grammatical mistakes. There's no software to download. Though even the very best essay checker software can't match the truth of the official test, it's still a great way to understand where you stand. The Gre Awa Essay Samples Trap The last paragraph or conclusion is utilised to sum up, and modify the major idea. Most students believe that essay length the only important issue in regards to AWA scoring. AWA only tests how logically you are able to deduce information and compose a fair critique about a problem or an argument made by somebody else. There are a couple other vital explanations for why you shouldn't skip off AWA during practice, and we've discussed them separately. Things You Should Know About Gre Awa Essay Samples Since you may see, the longer the essay, the greater the grades. If you are thinking about why, it's because it isn't in any way easy to grade your essay instantaneously. The grader should see what you are attempting to say, by reading once. The essay graders know that you simply get 30 minutes to compose each AWA essay and in addition, they know that you won't have the ability to cover every potential argument, reason and rebuttal. You may see that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are tough to completely support. In the issue essay, you will be supplied a topic that's debatable. PaperCoach can assist you with all your papers, so take a look at the moment! For more information concerning the different rubrics for the various essay tasks, read our articles about how to compose perfect-scoring GRE Issue and Argument essays. So, you should be sure there are at least 5-6 paragraphs in your essay, if you prefer a good score on the AWA. In an essay, you're expected to compose comprehensive passages on the presented topics. Discover steps you may take now to boost your AWA essay. It is a good idea to spend a couple of hours in preparation for your essay. The Battle Over Gre Awa Essay Samples and How to Win It Not only do you have to read through GRE sample essays, but you should also look for topics on which you are able to write GRE sample essays yourself and have them evaluated. Aspirants can make an application for the GRE testirrespective old and qualification. This facilty may also be availed by those people who are not students of our. Most students think about the GRE Essay as the absolute most stressful assignment ever, but it is not so difficult as it appears. Your GRE essay will be provided a score ranging from 06. A great deal of you may believe the GRE AWA section isn't really the main one as it doesn't have the very same weightage as verbal and math scores but that isn't true. So that it's big enough for the GRE. In reality, the GRE Essay scores can really be a fantastic boost to your profile. Summary Hiring an inexpensive essay service may be a suitable pick for students at one time crunch. The survey might have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions specializing in river sports. Just scanning through these 2 lists of essay topics will provide you with a great idea of the sorts of issues and arguments that appear on test day. Also a reminder that you may work with me if you're searching for issue essay feedback.

Customer Satisfaction and Need Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCustomer Satisfaction and Need. Answer: The procedures that need to be followed by SR food and beverage include maintaining regular contact with the customers. This can be done by developing customer management service (Blut et al. 2015). In order to match the need of the customers, questions regarding preference of the type of food and drinks can be asked. Apart from this, the preferred ambience of dining and the mode of dining can also be included in the survey. SR food and beverage can help customers to evaluate the products and services by providing them with samples of their food before taking orders from them. They can prioritise the preferences of the customers by maintaining contact with them on a regular basis SR food and beverage need to provide information about the type of food they serve along with the quality of ingredients used for making the food. Agreement with customers can be reached by constantly exchanging feedback and responses with one another (Fraering and Minor 2013). This can help in maintaining the loyalty of the customers. The agreement needs to be done by maintaining the demands of the customers from the feedback. SR food and beverage need to comply with the Food Standards Australia New Zealand Amendment Act 2010. The use of illegal products for the preparation of food and unfair means of employment need to be avoided by the company to gain success and satisfy customers. The difficulty in delivering services to the customers can be rectified by introducing mobile applications for ordering the products. References Blut, M., Frennea, C.M., Mittal, V. and Mothersbaugh, D.L., 2015. How procedural, financial and relational switching costs affect customer satisfaction, repurchase intentions, and repurchase behavior: A meta-analysis.International Journal of Research in Marketing,32(2), pp.226-229. Fraering, M. and Minor, M., 2013. Beyond loyalty: customer satisfaction, loyalty, and fortitude.Journal of Services Marketing,27(4), pp.334-344.

ABA 1 final Essays

ABA 1 final Essays ABA 1 final Paper ABA 1 final Paper Three levels of understanding in science 1) Description 2) Prediction 3)Control Description collection of facts about observed events that be quantified, classified and examined or possible relation with other known facts (hypothesis) Control Highest level of scientific understanidng from which funtional relations can be derived (change in dependent variable predicts independent variable without confouding variables determinism events do not just occur, but happen in a systematic way, all phenomena occur as result of other events empiricism scientific objective observation of phenomena of interest replication repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings parsimony the simplest explanations must be ruled out before more complex explanations are considered philosophic doubt the continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge experimental analysis vs. applied behavior analysis of behavior basic research vs. development of technology for improving behavior 7 characteristics of applied behavior analysis (Baer, Wolf Risley) 1) generality 2) effective 3)technological 4) applied 5) conceptual systems 6) analytic 7) behavioral Stimulus an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells Operant Conditioning conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement or punishment contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response Four Fold Contingency Table [image][image] positive reinforcement targeted response increases when stimulus is added to environment negative reinforcement behavior increases because stimulus is contigently removed from environment positive punishment behavior decreases when stimulus is contingently added to environment negative punishment behavior decreases because stimulus contingently removed from environment 3-term contingency basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior, antecedent- behavior- consequence habilitation degree to which a persons behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers and minimizes short and long term punishers, asesses meaningfulness of behavior change behavioral cusp beahaviors that open a persons world to new opportunities, socially valid, generativeness Target Behavior Definitions accurate, complete, concise, inclusions, exclusions objective, clear, complete measurement the process of applying quantitative labels to observed properties of events using a standard set of rules measurable dimensions of behavior 1) Repeatability (countability) 2) temporal extent (every instance the behavior occurs in some amount of time) 3) temporal locus (every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events rate/frequency measurement ratio of (number of responses per unit of time) count per observation period, more meaningful than count alond celeration measure of how rates of responses change over time (accelaration/decelaration) duration measurement the amount of time in which a behavior occurs response latency measurement measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response interresponse time measurement the amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class (temporal locus) per-opportunity measurement response magnitude the force or intensity with which a response is emitted whole interval recording measurement the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals. At the end of each interval the observer records whether the behavior occured for the WHOLE interval partial interval recording the observer records if the behavior occured at any time during the interval momentary time sampling records whether the target behavior is occuring at the moment that each time interval ends permanent product measurement measuring a behavior after it has occured by measuring the effects it had on the environment measurement validity when the data produced are directly relevant to the phenomenon measured and to the reasons for meauring it (Was a relevant dimension of the behavior that is the focus of the investigation measured directly and legitimately?) measurement accuracy the extent to which the quantitative label produced by measuring an event matches the true value of the thing measured measurement reliability the extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the same state of nature (consistancy) direct measurement the phenomenon that is the focus of the experiement is exactly the same as the phenomenon being measured (actually seeing target behavior) indirect measurement when phenomena measured is in some way different from target behavior of interest (using questionairre about behavior) interobserver agreement the degree to which two or ore independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events IOA for rate/frequency Higher number/lower number x 100 IOA for duration data (shorter duration/longer duration) x 100 IOA for time sampling level (in a data series) value on vertical axis around which a series of data points converge trend (in a data series) overall direction taken by data path (increasing, decreasing, zero trend) variablity (in a data series) frequency to which mulitiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes (if variability is high ther is little or no control over factors influencing behavior) construct a split-middle line of progress A line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data; drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each half of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line. (pg153 in book) construct an equal interval graph Identify behavior change in graphed data functional relationships in graphed data indepdendent variable the variable systematically manipulated by the researcher (in ABA sometimes called intervantion or treatment variable) dependent variable the variable measured in an experiment to see if it changes depending on the independent variable (in ABA measure of socially significant behavior) three elements of baseline logic 1) Prediction 2) Verification 3) Replication Reversal designs (repeated measures, at least A-B-A) should be used when: alternating treatments experimental design the rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behavior are measured Alternating treatment designs are appropriate when: multiple baseline experiemental design an experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one fot he behaviors while baseline contidions remain in effect for the other behaviors. After maximum change has been noted for the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design. changing criterion experimental design an experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or puishment. internal validity the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables. confounding variable an uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable treatment integrity (procedural validity) the extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertantly along with the planned treatment Three ways of assessing social validity 1) social significance of target behavior 2) appropraiteness of procedures 3) social importance of results external validitiy the degree to which a studys findings have generality to other subjects, settings and/or behaviors positive reinforcement establishing operation a motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as a reinfocer (food when hungry) unconditioned reinforcer a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus (product of evolutionary development, primary or unlearned reinfocers) conditioned reinforcer a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinfocers (learned reinforcer) stimulus preference assessment a variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference of those stimuli and their presumed value as reinforcers avoidance contingency (escape contingency) a contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus continuous reinfocement reinforcement for each occurance of the target behavior intermitant reinfocement some, but not all, occurances of a behavior produce reinforcement fixed ratio schedule a fixed number of responses must occur before reinforcement produces break and run step pattern variable ratio schedule varying number of responses required for reinforcement no post reinforcement pause, consistant steady rate of responding fixed interval schedule reinforcement delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced produces scalloped data (post reinforcement pause, increase in response rate as interval increases) variable interval schedule reinforcement provided for the first correct response following the elapse of variable surations of time occuring in random order produces slow to moderate consistant responding limited hold reinforcement is only available during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval, if there is no response reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins DRL schedules differnetial reinforcement of low rates of responding- responses reinforced only when they are lower than criterion compound schedules combined elements of of continous reinforcement, the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement, differential reinforcement of various rates of responding and extinction matching law rate of responding typically is proportional to the rate of reinforcement received from each choice alternative punisher a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurance of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior conditions when punishment is more effective immediacy, intensity, schedule, reinforcement for the target behavior, reinforcement for alternative behaviors guidelines for using punishment effectively select effective and appropriate punishers use the least intensity of punishment that is effective experience the punishment personally deliver the punishment immediately deliver the punishment at the beginning of the response chain deliver the punishment unemotionally punish each instance of the behavior watch for possible side effects of punishment record, graph and evaluate daily data examples of positive punishment contingent excersize, overcorrection (resitutional, positive practice), contingent electric stimulation time-out a form of negative punishment- the contingent withdrawel of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time guidelines for using time-out effectively reinforcing and enriching time-in environment defining behaviors leading to time-out defining procedures for the duration of time-out defining exit criteria deciding on non-exclusion or exlusion time-out explaining time-out rules obtaining permission applying time-out consistantly evaluating effectiveness -considering other options legal and ethical time-out issues response cost loss of specific amount of reinforcement contingent upon inappropriate behavior and results in decreased future probability of that behavior guidelines for using response cost effectively determine immediacy of the fine, decide whether bonus respose cost is preferred option, ensure reinforcer reserve, recognize the potential for unplanned or unexpected outcomes, avoid overusing, keep good record on effects side-effects of negative punishment may increase aggression, avoidance responses, affect collateral reductions of desired behaviors, call attention to punished behavior, effects can be unpredictable

Kicl students’ perceptions on the consumption of McDonalds, KFC and Burger Kings The WritePass Journal

Kicl students’ perceptions on the consumption of McDonalds, KFC and Burger Kings Introduction: Kicl students’ perceptions on the consumption of McDonalds, KFC and Burger Kings Introduction:Literature Review:Bibliography:Related Introduction: Fast food, also known as Quick Service Restaurant within the industry, and ‘Junk food’ informally, is becoming more and more popular form of food choice especially in young people (Schlosser, 2001), including students. As it is cheap and quick option the global market is growing dramatically in recent years. Saying this, studies like Robin (2011), have been done which show fast food as â€Å"unhealthy† and it adversely affects health in long term. This research focuses on KICL students in general who will be as the target subjects to understand their views on fast food. The thesis will try to investigate how students at KICL’s view the intake of fast food by studying their eating habits, food choices they make, with key understanding the reasons for the same, how far they are aware of its speculated results, and their reactions, if any, to ‘solve the problems’. It will also try to see that as a student in London (as they have migrated for studies) does it affect the pattern? If yes, to what extent and their reasons. The views of students will also be noticed in context with their definition of a healthy diet, hence this data can be linked and worked upon with fast food dominance. The study will be conducted at the college of students of random nationalities, thus making the research more general. Talking about research methods briefly, handing out questionnaires to atleast 30 students around the college with mixed nationalities at random. It will be used in simple format; the questions in the questionnaire will be around 15 in quantity, clear and non-analytical. I will be also providing some general data and discussion in brief before presenting questionnaire, which helps for better outcome from participants. Here are some of the sample questions which shall be asked to the participants during the research: -On average, How often do you choose to go to a fast food restaurant in a week?___ Are you eating fast food as often as you were when you were in your country? Yes___ No ___Not Sure___ -Tick as appropriate, why you choose fast food rather than ‘traditional’ meal?: a.) Saves time. b.) Reasonable price. c.) Taste appealing. d.) Take-away facility. e.) Fast-food surroundings are less formal, hence preferred. f.) No need to cook. g.) Other Reason(s) (Please Specify)___________________________ -How far do you agree/disagree that such food adversely effects an individual’s health? a.) Strongly agree b.) Fairly agree c.) Moderate d.) Fairly disagree e.) Strongly disagree If you think that fast food is not an ideal choice, please answer: Why do you think so? Tick as many appropriate a.)  Ã‚   For claimed negative effects b.) Alleged animal cruelty c.) Cases of worker exploitation d.) Claim of cultural degradation due to shift in eating patterns e.) Any other (Please Specify) ______________________ -Write in your own views, if you believe fast food as questionable choice (not more than 50 words) what could be the ‘solution’ to the concerns of fast food? and What according to you is a ‘healthy diet’? Literature Review: Assessing many previous researches, one common result for fast food found is ‘it makes people obese, and though it claims to satisfy hunger and taste buds, people are left with malnutrition’ (John, 1999). As Mark (2010) goes, â€Å"While companies like McDonald’s and Burger King, Domino’s Pizza ‘glitter’ in market for their promise of ‘unbeatable taste’ and ‘free-quick home delivery’, t he true cost of unhealthy food isnt just the price tagin fact, the real costs are hidden.†Ã‚   He claims, â€Å"Obese people account for a disproportionate share of health-related absences from work, as obese people visit their physicians 40 percent more than normal weight people†. This element can also be replaced in students as they have absences from classes. In recent times, fast food has replaced traditional form of meal. This can be because of multiple reasons including cheaper price, time saving, taste preference, as Pollan (2009) defends. However it seems these are true observations in some ways, but it is at the stake of health of people. To refute these arguments perhaps Mark (2010) comes again. He states, â€Å"When you eat unhealthy foods like these, the costs of medical visits, co-pays, prescription medications, and other health services skyrocket.† Government policies are either so flexible or supportive that there is difficulty to break these vicious chains, he adds. According to Currie et. al. (2009) Women are more likely to take their children below age 12 to a fast food chain during lunch than any other meal time. This can mean that eventually more and more children are on verge of obesity and health issues. More specifically for this research project, as per an article, the implied effects of fast-food on caloric in take are at least one order of magnitude larger for students than for mothers, consistent with smaller travel cost for adults (Currie et. al, 2009). Some of the concerns have led to the rise of the  Slow Food, or  local food  movements seeking to preserve local cuisines and ingredients, and directly oppose laws and habits that favour fast food choices. Slow food activists educate customers about what its members considers the richer, more varied and more nourishing tastes of fresh, local ingredients that have been recently harvested. This is very supportive to attack on cultural degradation due to change food patterns (Schlosser, 2001). He further touches other angle explaining how the meatpacking factories concentrate livestock into large feedlots and herd them through processing assembly lines operated by poorly trained employees increase the risk of large-scale food poisoning. Another semi-formal research was carried out by Morgan Spurlock in Super Size Me a 2004 American  documentary film, wherein   He is seen by three doctors (a  cardiologist, a gastroenterologist, and a  GP), as well as a  nutritionist  an d a  personal trainer. He follows a 30-day period during which he eats only  McDonalds  food; fully eat three McDonalds meals per day:  breakfast,  lunch, and  dinner, during these days, he experienced steadily increasing stomach discomfort, nausea and  vomits, on 21st day, heart  palpitations started. Thus, the results were worse than expected, he got 11Kgs surplus. a  cholesterol  level of 230, and experienced  mood swings,  sexual dysfunction, and fat accumulation in his liver. He used ‘detox’ diet to make his body system back to normal. Webber (2009) argues that it is not only McDonald’s but all other major ‘junk factories’ oddly contribute in this manner. The World Health Organisation launched an awareness programme in 2004 which aimed at adopting global health and diet recommendations: reduce sugars, processed foods, soft drinks and junk food advertising. An online article, The Hamburger (2002) showed future threats of fast food with and coined as ‘mishap in society’. While it seems that almost no research shows the beneficial health effects and overall positive outlook of this modern concern of fast food, perhaps this research can enable to help, support, and make aware about the reality of fast food. Additionally, this research may make even participants think critically and the data collected will help provide some in-depth relations to other research works and views and can have scope for further development as well. Bibliography: Currie. J, et. al, (2009), The Effect of Fast Food Restaurants on Obesity and Weightgain, NBER Working Paper No. 14721, National Bureau of Economic Research. Hyman, Mark, (2010), Why Quick, Cheap Food Is Actually More Expensive?, Retrived from huffingtonpost.com/dr-mark-hyman/why-quick-cheap-food-is-a_b_681539.html? [Accessed 10th April 2011] Jakle, John , (1999).  Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Johns Hopkins University Press.  ISBN 0-8018-6920-X. Kroc, Ray, et.al., (1992), Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonalds. St. Martins Press. Online Article (2002), The Hamburger, National Public Radio. Available at npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/hamburger/ [Accessed 11th March 2011] Pollan, M. (2009). In Defense of Food: an Eaters Manifesto, Penguin, New York City. Schlosser, Eric (2001).  Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal, Houghton Mifflin Books.  ISBN  0395977894. Unkown Author, (2008),  The Obesity Crisis: Whats it all about?, The Endocrine Society, The Hormone Foundation. Webber, Karl, (2009), Food Inc.: A Participant Guide: How Industrial Food is Making Us Sicker, Fatter, and Poorer-And What You Can Do About It, First Edition, PublicAffairs. World Health Organization, (2004), Internet News Article for Awareness, Available at naturalnews.com/001084.html [Accessed 13th June 2011]

Justice vs Drug Companies in the USA Research Paper

Justice vs Drug Companies in the USA - Research Paper Example   Research suggests that off-label prescribing of pharmaceutical drugs can result in exaggerated and untested claims by the drug manufacturer (Conko 2010, 2).   Although the use of drugs for purposes other than their originally intended use can provide many medical benefits, it can develop into an accepted mode of expanding the use of pharmaceuticals beyond the appropriate scope of their health benefits; moreover, this practice may result in unwanted and unforeseen health effects. The FDA has a formal ban on off-label product promotion, but this is often sidestepped as anecdotal reports of health benefits associated with off-label drug use are promoted in labeling and promotional advertising. These practices have created considerable confusion among health consumers who are the misleading product labels and inadequate instructions on the proper use of medications, their potential side effects and health risks   Some legal commentators have cited the extravagant internet adverti sing of pharmaceuticals as an important expansion of promotional strategies that often neglect to clearly state the label properties and risks associated with the use of a specific drugSection 502 of the Food and Drug Act deals specifically with issues of misbranding and false or misleading label practices by pharmaceutical companies. According to its provisions, a pharmaceutical drug label is considered at issue if any part of the label is misrepresented or misleading. This pertains to ingredients, quantity, source and packaging details.

Descartes vs Spinoza Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Descartes vs Spinoza Comparison - Essay Example Descartes states that the human being is made up of a body and a soul that are two distinct parts and relate to God and the world in different ways (2). On the other hand, Spinoza teaches that there is only one God. Spinoza identified that God could be defined by his existence or conceivability (1). This means that God exists but He has no form and human beings can only conceive Him in the natural environment. Thus human mind can only work to explain the existence of God who was inseparable from nature. Descartes' treatise suggests that the soul is separate from the body since they are supposed to perish separately (8). Descartes buttresses his point that the body is ruled by the mind. He stated that the mind is independent and separate from the body (18). It implies that the human mind is susceptible to illusions which could be true or false (Descartes 19). Descartes therefore states that there are uncertainties and limitations of the human thought (19). He asks a rhethorical questi on about whether the existence of God is a figment of our minds or not (19). This suggests that there is a possibility that there is no God (Descartes 24). He puts forward the possibility of an antithesis that human beings have the power to change everything around them (Descartes 24). Spinoza differs from Descartes and argues that things in nature had a finite existence but the infinite existence of God was the absolute affirmation (5). This therefore means that everything that exists in nature is just an extension of God whilst God Himself is an absolute and All-Powerful Creator. Spinoza identified two main forms of ignorance. He stated that the first form is the belief in idols like the worship of trees and other humans (5). He also saw the independence of divine knowledge from human knowledge that Descartes proposed as a form of ignorance (5). Descartes supports his assertion that the mind is capable of making independent decisions and people cannot imagine the corporeal. Thus t he physical things around us exists independently of the human mind. He states that matter changes from solid to liquid and to gas using the example of wax which is put into fire. This illustration hints that human beings can use empirical studies to improve their lives (Descartes 31). This thinking supported science and the independent study of things in the natural environment. These were areas of knowledge that hitherto were often banned by the Catholic Church. Based on this teaching, everything in nature was to be studied differently based on how the mind perceives it. Each and every item is to be singled out and evaluated from a very individualistic point of view. This kind of independent examination of substances gave room for scientific methods and enquiries in science like chemistry and pharmacy. On the opposite side of the scale, Spinoza argued that nature and God are essentially the same. He stated that substances can be conceived externally but God could not be conceived by human beings. As such, human scholars could only act in an effort to understanding the way God operations. The definitions of the things are meant to provide a better understanding of how God operates. From Spinoza's point of view, science was a process that was meant to study what exists in nature as a method of understanding the Creator. In other words, nothing in the

Bay Of Pigs Historiography

Bay Of Pigs Historiography March 1960 marked the future of international relations between the United States and Cuba. The epic battle at the Bay of Pigs defined irrationalities between the two nations. U.S. President of the time, Dwight D. Eisenhower, ordered the central intelligence agency, otherwise known as the CIA, to use their special activities division to train, equip, and lead Cuban exiles in an invasion of Cuba. This was elaborately planned to overthrow the new communist government led by Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. Eisenhower justified his cooperation for his opposing position stating it was the policy of the United States to aid the anti-Castro guerrilla forces. The original CIA plan called for a ship-borne invasion at the old colonial city of Trinidad, Cuba. Trinidad had good port facilities, and arguably was close to much existing counter-revolutionary activities. The CIA later proposed alternative plans, and on March 11, 1961 President Kennedy and his cabinet selected the Bay of Pigs option. Dur ing the invasion Kennedy decided not to send the air support to Cuba, for it would cause Soviet Russia to believe the United States was only a vicious world leader, giving them liable reason to attack America. However troops did not respond well to Kennedys decision since Castro took that moment to capture U.S. Military officials. The catastrophe was solely blamed on the president at the time. Like several times in history, the United States claimed it was their duty to set democratic policies in the small but important country; spreading a peaceful and efficient government gave people equal rights and laws all the while separating the elite government officials from the common population. Furthermore Castro would be unable to harm the people of Cuba if he were no longer in power, thus decreasing the illegal immigration from Cuba to America. As far as the United States was concerned it was necessary for the invasion to set some standards of living in the troubled country. However like all wars or arguments there is an opposing side and Cuba was not concerned with the same matter. Castro was furious his own people were invading their homeland. Unfortunately because he was the highest authority at the time, he initially ordered those few individuals to be exiled. The people of Cuba wanted freedom and support from a government that was anything but just. The communist country made no attempts to help its people , when concerned with gaining higher power. Castro was looked down upon as a dictator of the time despite his disapproval of dictatorships. The Cuban government order of battle is unclear and subject to dispute, although most sources generally credit Fidel Castro with centrally directing the overall strategy from Havana. Today the Bay of Pigs invasion is once again looked through two different perspectives. The United States is content in believing their decision to invade was correct and history has obviously repeated itself with the recent war in Irag and the decision to invade Pakistan. However there are several controversial theories claiming President Kennedy did not in fact order the cease of the air support. Many historians believe the CIA went against official government orders and took it upon themselves to delay the message to aircraft transporters. John F. Kennedy may simply be the innocent by-standard that issued a command that small, tangent groups refused to follow. The argument once again has an opposition, and Castro-followers believe Kennedy and Castro might have been in a secret society together; somewhat of a masonic cult of their own. Conspiracies continue to arise throughout our modern historical perspectives yet our history cannot be rerecorded. Of course relations between the United States and Cuba only became worse with the Cuban Missile Crisis and extend to sour interactions into present day history. Today Cuba and America are far from cooperating neighbors and the battle continues. Until Castros recent exit from the Cuban government office in 2008 and the reelection of the United States President, both nations have constantly vowed to fight until the end. We ceased trade with Cuba while they released all of their fugitive prisoners to contribute to the illegal immigration overload in America. They have waged vengeance upon each other like angry siblings without parental supervision. Even as a leading world power the American government has done little to compromise and solve the international affairs. With the hope of a new government in control of both countries, the history is at chance to change for the better and one day prosper as an ally.

A Comparison of the Sea in Beowulf and The Seafarer Essay -- compariso

The Sea in Beowulf and The Seafarer      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters in the Old English poem Beowulf certainly delighted in the seas. This essay seeks to compare their attitude toward the sea with that expressed in another Old English poem, The Seafarer.    In Beowulf there is one reference after another to the sea. When Scyld died, â€Å"his people caried him to the sea, which was his last request,† where he drifted out into the beyond on a â€Å"death ship.† In the Geat land Beowulf, a â€Å"crafty sailor,† and his men â€Å"shoved the well-braced ship out on the journey they’d dreamed of,† to rescue the Danes from Grendel. â€Å"From far over the sea’s expanse,† the Geats came, â€Å"brave men who come over the sea swells.† In his welcoming speech Hrothgar recalls that the hero’s father â€Å"sought us Danes over the rolling waves,† and his warrior Unferth remembers that the hero â€Å"struggled with Brecca [youthful companion] in the broad sea in a swimming contest †¦ risked his life in the deep water †¦ hugged the sea, gliding through the boiling waves †¦ toiled seven nights in the sea.† A Dane â€Å"was tending to every courtesy† for Beowulf, for â€Å"such in those days could a seafarer expect.† King Hrothgar and Queen Welhtheow gave rich gifts â€Å"to those on the mead-bench who made the sea-journey.† In the Finnburh Episode, Hengest had to spend the winter months with Finn because â€Å"he could not steer his ring-prowed ship on the cold sea.†Ã‚   â€Å"Guthlaf and Oslaf spoke of their grief after the sea-journey.† The Danes carried Hildeburh, the queen of Danish ancestry, â€Å"over the sea.† â€Å"The surging waters† received Beowulf as he swam in pursuit of Grendel’s mother. During the battle Hrothgar and his retinue stared down at the â€Å"turbulent water.† Finally Beowulf returned, â€Å"protector... ... A man may bury his brother with the dead and strew his grave with the golden things he would have him take, tresures of all kinds, but gold hoarded when he here lived cannot allay the anger or God towards a soul sin-freighted.      The Seafarer concludes with a rather lengthy prose exhortation to his heareres to fix their hopes on heaven.    The characters in the Old English poem Beowulf certainly delighted in the seas. From this essay it can be appreciated that their attitude toward the sea is quite comparable with that expressed in another Old English poem, The Seafarer.       BIBLIOGRAPHY    Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.    TheSeafarer. In The Earliest English Poems, translated by Michael Alexander. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.

Addiction to Intoxicants

II. Intoxication conceptual analysis Intoxication is the acute state of physical and cognitive impairment caused by drinking alcohol or being exposed to a psychoactive drug. Intoxication typically has both physical and mental effects, which can include difficulties with controlling movement, mood changes, impairment of cognitive skills, impaired judgment, impaired impulse control, and changes in interpreting your surroundings or the behavior of others.These changes and impairments may be  reinforcing, and may be perceived as amusing by the intoxicated person and/or their companions, but they increase the person's vulnerability to a wide range of problems, including violence, sexual assault, accidents, and misadventure. Although the term â€Å"intoxication† is most commonly used to refer to the acute (immediate or short-term) effects of alcohol, intoxication may also be used to refer to the effects of other drugs, including amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, hallucino gens, inhalants, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics. We can define intoxication as in . eneral condition of diminished mental and physical ability hyperexcitability, or stupefaction induced by intake of alcohol or other narcotic  substance Intoxication is a condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive substance and results in disturbances in the level of consciousness, cognition, perception, judgement, affect, or behaviour, or other psychophysiological functions and responses. The disturbances are related to the acute pharmacological effects of, and learned responses to, the substance and resolve with time, with complete recovery, except where tissue damage or other complications have arisen.The term is most commonly used with regard to alcohol use: its equivalent in everyday speech is â€Å"drunkenness†. Alcohol intoxication is manifested by such signs as facial flushing, slurred speech, unsteady gait, euphoria, increased activity, volubility, disorderly conduct, slowed reactions, impaired judgement and motor incoordination, insensibility, or stupefaction. Intoxication is highly dependent on the type and dose of drug and is influenced by an individual's level of tolerance and other factors. Frequently, a drug is taken in order to achieve a desired degree of intoxication.The behavioural expression of a given level of intoxication is strongly influenced by cultural and personal expectations about the effects of the drug. As a result of consuming alcohol, an intoxicated person does not have the normal use of physical or mental faculties. There is no single scientific measure that determines whether a person is intoxicated, since intoxication is an observed state. Therefore, determining whether a person is intoxicated requires observing a person’s mental and physical state, and comparing that state and observed behaviour to a normal person in full possession of his or her faculties.Now a days intoxiation is generally found among teenagers and children attaining maturity. Irony is this most of them know it’s ill effects but still they do just for their mental pleasure or may be by personal deviance. Mostly comparing himeslf from others that if they can do , why not me. III. TYPES OF INTOXICATION 1. Alcohol intoxication 2. Narcotic inoxication 3. Cocaine intoxication 4. Drug overdose 5. Inhalant abuse Alcohol intoxication Alcohol intoxication  (also known as  drunkenness  or  inebriation) is a physiological state induced by the consumption of  alcohol.Problems accumulate when alcohol builds up in the  bloodstream  faster than it can be metabolized by the  liver. Some effects of alcohol intoxication are central to alcohol's desirability  as a beverage  and its history as the world's most widespread  recreational drug. Common effects are  euphoria  and lowered  social inhibitions. Other effects are unpleasant or dangerous because alcohol affects many dif ferent areas of the body at once and may cause progressive, long-term harm when consumed in excess. Narcotic intoxication Narcotics are medicines used to decrease or take away severe pain. Narcotics may also be called opioids.Some common names of narcotics ordered by a doctor are codeine and morphine. Heroin is an illegal street drug that is made from morphine. The more commonly known drugs withinthis group are opium,  morphine, heroin,  codeine, andmethadone  (a synthetic narcotic). Cocaine intoxication Cocaine intoxication  refers to the immediate effects of  cocaine  on the body. Although cocaine intoxication and cocaine dependence can be present in the same individual, they present with different sets of symptoms. Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality.Common side effects include anxiety, increased temperature, paranoia, restlessness, and tooth grinding. With prolonged use, oft en accompanied by lack of  sleep, the drug can cause  itching,  tachycardia,  hallucinations, and  paranoid delusions. Possible lethal side effects include rapid heartbeat, tremors, convulsions, markedly increased core temperature, heart attack, stroke and heart failure. DRUG OVERDOSE The term  drug overdose  (or simply  overdose  or  OD) describes the  ingestion  or application of a  drug  or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended  or generally practiced. 2]  An overdose may result in a  toxic state  or  death. Drug overdoses are sometimes caused intentionally to commit  suicide  or as  self-harm, but many drug overdoses are accidental, the result of intentional or unintentional misuse of medication. Unintentional misuse leading to overdose can include using prescribed or unprescribed drugs in excessive quantities in an attempt to produce  euphoria. INHALANT ABUSE Inhalants  are a broad range of  drugs  whose v olatile vapors are taken in via the  nose  and  trachea. They are taken by room temperature  volatilization or from a pressurized container (e. g. nitrous oxide), and do not include drugs that are sniffed after burning or heating. Inhalants can be classified by the intended function. Most inhalant drugs that are used non-medically are ingredients in household or industrial chemical products that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled. A small number of recreational inhalant drugs are pharmaceutical products that are used illicitly. Some of the inhalant abuse are acetone which is used in nail polish, whitener is also used as addictive substance. Why do people intoxicate Intoxication is not a new problem or area to discuss. he main problem is intoxication among youths,teenagers,children attaining maturity, why they are addicted to intoxicants? Why these addiction? Not all drug and alcohol users will become addicts, but they are at risk. Some can overcome it, others no . An exposure to this danger is increasingly occurring at earlier ages: the door is open with the first sip and the pleasure comes to neccesity. Nearly 15% of individuals who â€Å"try† alcohol develop a dependency to it, and become alcoholics. Boys and girls in their adolescence consume on intoxication just to satisfy their needs either mentally or physically. hey all know that what are the bad effects and what are the disadvantages still they knowing all the facts. Experimentation with alcohol during the teen years is common. Some reasons that teens use alcohol and other drugs are: * curiosity * to feel good, reduce stress, and relax * to fit in * to feel older From a very young age, kids see advertising messages showing beautiful people enjoying life — and alcohol. And because many parents and other adults use alcohol socially — having beer or wine with dinner. boys and girls in their adolescence consume alcohols just to satisfy their needs either mentally or physically. hey all know that what are the bad effect and what are the disadvantages still they consume alcohols knowing all the facts. They do so specially because of peer presure ,they are frightened that if they do not accept their group's qualities whether it is good or bad then they wont be allowed in their friend's circle,and once they are excluded from that group then they won’t be able to adjust themselves into other group since they are teengae they don’t know the consequences of their activities. they will do that work in which they will get their own satisfaction their own enjoyment and their own hapiness. nd these things they will get by that group because they are getting what they want and so they dont want to leave that group inspite knowing that their are some bad consequences too. Teens see their parents enjoying a cocktail after work or having a glass of wine at dinner. Drinking comes to represent a very sophisticated and adult thing to do  mom and Dad do it†¦ why shouldn’t I? the teen may reason. They think that there is no one to stop them they think that if drinking is that bad then why my mom and dad are consuming it. So if they are consuming it then what’s the problem I am consuming it.Due to societal influence addiction to intoxication initiated through personal deviance also like when they are depressed, who have low self-esteem, and who feel like they don't fit in or are out of the mainstream. They feel like after consuming alcohol they will get over from their sorrow,frustration and humiliation. And to get rid of it they always like to be alcoholic. IMPACT OF ALCOHOL Alcohol has wonderful anxiolytic properties and people drink alcohol very often because they are stressed and alcohol quite nicely provides the temporary illusion that such stress has dissipated when it fact it has just been temporarily put on hold.Quite often, however, drinking alcohol acts to exacerbate stress in the long run because rather than dealing with the stressful situation, the drinker will often drink to escape the stress, thus prolonging that which is actually stressing them. Moreover, alcohol has been proven to heighten anxiety among those who drink, when they are not drinking it. This, in turn, promotes further drinking which in turn begets further anxiety and really it is just one vicious cycle. Weekends are usually treasured by most teens, as they are looking forward to their big plans.Some may be chilling with friends, catching a movie, going to a concert, or planning to party. Regardless of what they have planned, one thing is for certain; alcohol will be a part of many teens weekend plans and there's research to prove it. As children move from  adolescence  to young adulthood, they face major changes not just developmentally, but emotional and physically. The transition into puberty and adolescence brings about a desire for independence. Many teens turn to  risk taking  and experimenta tion as they navigate through their rite of passage into adulthood, which can lead to drinking.Many teens don't think there's anything wrong with drinking. They've made it into an acceptable activity that they engage in when they're out with their friends, and since they may not drink every night, they don't see the potential harm that it's doing. developmentally teens remain in that imaginary stage that â€Å"bad stuff can't happen to me because I am invincible. †Ã‚   But we know it does†¦ Plus, many teens don't have the ability to see the long-term consequences that drinking can bring. There are many factors that lead to teen drinking.If you ask a teen why they drink you may give you a litany of reasons from: â€Å"I was bored. † â€Å"Everyone else does it. † â€Å"I like how it makes me feel. † â€Å"People like me when I drink because I act different. † â€Å"I just wanted to see what it would make me feel like. † â€Å"My  pare nts  do it so it must not be a big deal. † â€Å"It helps me escape reality. † Effects of alcohol Alcohol damages almost every organ in the body, including the brain; because of the cumulate ive toxic effects of chronic alcohol abuse, the alcoholic risks suffering a range of medical and psychiatric disorders.Alcoholism has profound social consequences for alcoholics and the people of their lives. Long-term alcohol abuse produces physiological changes in the brain such as  tolerance  and  physical dependence. Using alcohol at a young age has negative health effects. Brain Development and Alcohol Abuse * Research indicates that the human brain continues to develop into a person's early 20's, and that exposure of the developing brain to alcohol may have long-lasting effects on intellectual capabilities and may increase the likelihood of alcohol addiction. * The age when drinking starts affects future drinking problems.For each year that the start of drinking is del ayed, the risk of later alcohol dependence is reduced by 14 percent. Drinking and Driving * Car crashes are the leading cause of death among people ages 15 to 20. About 1,900 people under 21 die every year from car crashes involving underage drinking. * Young people are more susceptible to alcohol-induced impairment of their driving skills. Drinking drivers aged 16 to 20 are twice as likely to be involved in a fatal crash as drinking drivers who are 21 or older. Suicide * Alcohol use interacts with conditions like depression and stress, and contributes to an estimated 300 teen suicides a year. High school students who drink are twice as likely to have seriously considered attempting suicide, as compared to nondrinkers. High school students who binge drink are four times as likely to have attempted suicide, as compared to nondrinkers. * Sexual Behavior * Current teen drinkers are more than twice as likely to have had sexual intercourse within the past three months than teens who don' t drink. * Higher drinking levels increase the likelihood of sexual activity. * Adolescents who drink are more likely to engage in risky sexual activities, like having sex with someone they don't know or failing to use birth control.Other Risks * Teens who drink alcohol are more likely than nondrinkers to smoke marijuana, use inhalants, or carry a weapon. * Binge drinking substantially increases the likelihood of these activities. Alcohol addction is not just related to common people,teenager and but many big filmstars and big personality are also addicted to it. The bollywood personalities who have lost their life due to alcohol consumption are Rajesh khanna (first super star of bollywood) Meena kumari The beautiful actress of iconic film Pakeeezah,  was died  due to liver cirrhosis. due to alcohol abuse. Guru dutt, because of alcohol . uthor who have died because of alcohol Jean stafford. People who are living in polar region they usually consume alcohol to keep their body war m. But they are not addicted because it’s their necessity through which they make themselves suitable to live in cold environment. They take it in a limited quantity just to continue their livelihood. We can take the example of Indian Army which are posted in leh and ladakh and which is the coldest place in india and so the indian soldier consume alcohol to make their body warm. Some of the devotee of shiva say our shiva drinks then it’s not bad to drink because we are his followers. nd we should follow our guru. But the real thing is it is just an excuse nothing else. They take the defence of religion to hide their addiction. It’s just an excuse and excuse has no base. The shifting composition of Indian drinkers has seen a rise in the number of Indian women drinking regularly and heavily. One recent study in the southern state of Karnataka found young women consumed similar amounts of alcohol to young men on any typical drinking occasion. Narcotic intoxication effects Narcotic abuse is when you continue to use narcotics even though they are hurting you or others.The more commonly known drugs within this group are opium,  morphine, heroin,  codeine, and methadone  (a synthetic narcotic). In addition, Darvon   7and Talwin7 are included in this group because of their narcotic-like action. Next to cocaine (discussed later),heroin is the most popular narcotic drug because of its intense euphoria and long-lasting effect. It is far more potent than  morphine  but has no legitimate use in the United States. Heroin appears as a white, gray, or tanfluffy   powder. The   most   common   method   of   using heroin is by injection directly into the vein, although it can be sniffed.Codeine, although milder than heroine and  morphine, is sometimes abused as an ingredient in cough syrup  preparations. Users may experience sleepiness, nausea, and vomiting shortly after taking a drug. Most narcotics are considered highly addicti ve, and their abuse tends to lead to long-term dependence and severe withdrawal symptoms and supervising opium cultivation and thereafter, procuring opium from the cultivators. Drug abuse Young people are very gullible and vulnerable to the influences of society, their friends, TV, adults, and those that appear to be fashionable.Hence, a youth may find that all his friends have experienced the use of drugs, and now he is feeling left out because everyone else appears to be having a good time, and all his friends tease him that he is â€Å"chicken†. This unsuspecting youth then decides to ‘experiment' only once, ‘just to try it out. † Furthermore, if he does not have money to buy the drugs, someone may even offer it to him for free. What he does not realize, is that his first weakness, to please his friends, is the biggest mistake that he can ever make. The strategy of the drug dealers is to get as many customers as possible.Some drug dealers are so ruthless that they give out free sweets containing drugs to school children. The trick that they use is to give free drugs to unsuspecting people. Once a person becomes addicted (hooked) he becomes a customer for life. The addicted person will then beg, borrow, steal, prostitute themselves, just to make sure that they have money to buy drugs for their next fix. It is a vicious cycle of crime, prostitution, family breakdown, social breakdown, community breakdown. It is for this reason that intoxicant is known as the source of all evils, Islamicaly termed as the   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmother of all evils’. ere are many types of drugs available on the market. The general effect of all drugs is basically very similar, though they differ in their speed of action as well as the severity of the harm on the body. All drugs directly affect the brain, since this is the only way of causing mood changes. Some examples of drugs are as follows: 1. Heroin, (upper drug): highly addictive opiate; gives very high rush, followed by many hours of fogginess; the addict lives day to day for the next fix. 2. Marijuana, (downer drug): affects the parts of the brain that deals with emotions and memory. 3.Alcohol, (downer drug): impairs judgements, memory lapses, blackouts. 4. Cocaine, (upper drug): whether in powder form or crack, it is a highly addictive stimulant; addict loses interest in school, family, work, etc. 5. Vapor Inhalants (downer drug): (glue, petrol, hair spray, paint thinners, etc. ) destroy the protective layers around the brain cells. Harmful effects of drugs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Physical effects: The brain is the most delicate and powerful computer- it is an amazing organ, with virtually limitless potential- it is a Gift from Allaah; it has to be protected and cherished and its full potential must be utilized.The moment any person takes a drug into the body (either by nose, mouth or vein) the drug enters the blood stream and goes directly to the brain, crosses the blood-b rain barrier (BBB) and occupies various receptor sites in the brain. This leads to alteration in the chemical and electrical neuronal functioning of the brain which also leads to eventual organic damage to this delicate, yet powerful organ. These changes in the brain is what causes the state of ‘addiction'- eventually, the body automatically starts craving for the damaging drug leading to a vicious cycle of abuse and further damage.However, other body organs that are damaged include the following: damaged nasal septum; collapsed ; clotted veins; kidney, liver ; lung failure to various degrees; damage to the brain; infected needles causes Hepatitis Infection and HIV/AIDS.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social effects: The person indulged in the usage of intoxicants displays anti-social behavior such as: staying away from home; stealing; crime; job loss; withdrawal from community; embarrassing behavior in public; deterioration in relationship with parents or wife or children.The m ost harmful effect of drugs is on the brain. INHALANT ABUSE The younger generation is rapidly getting addicted to smoking, liquor and even drugs. What is more shocking is the usage of wide range of substances being used by youths which include inhaling whitener, spirit, petrol, iodex, besides smoking costly cigarettes and getting addicted to alcohol and gutka laced cold drinks. Although, there is no demarcated area or locality which could be identified as more or less in the grip of this menace, youths residing in the areas ocated close to slums, interior colonies and those habited by the lower income group people are more vulnerable of being grabbed in the clutches of this dreaded practice. The addiction could be anything from consuming Iodex pasted on bread to drinking laboratory sprit which they call turatithe name derived from the time duration it takes to intoxicate the addicted and minimal price in which it is available. But, what forces the youths to get addicted to such subs tances, is a big question in store. Peer pressure, boredom, frustration, academic and parental pressures, even genetic factors and lack of emotional support are some of the reasons that make the youth go astray and seek temporal solace in the world of intoxicants,† says Prof Deepa Punetha, a faculty in the department of psychology, Allahabad University. Teenagers, who feel unwanted or fail to adjust themselves in the society, too, wander into the world of addictive substances, she adds.The easy availability of such products, too, gives a fillip to such products. Scores of `paan' shops can be seen in the proximity of educational institutions in the city. Then, the liquor shops have started coming up in residential areas which lure young minds towards them. There are occasions when youngsters, under peer pressure, fall in the vicious circle of tobacco and drugs. What we see today is school kids standing on `paan' shops and smoking costly cigarettes.Among other things, `whitener' (a stationery product) is being used as a form of addictive substance. Since, it is cheap and easily available, many youngsters are getting addicted to it. the primary contents of whitener and diluter are alcohol they are being increasingly used by youngsters for intoxication. Once they are combined with the other chemical acetone present in the whitener and diluter they depress the central nervous system of the body.For some moments, it puts an addict on a high but it has serious consequences in the long run. Prolonged use of these chemicals may result in blindness, diabetes, kidney disorder and cancer also. † IV. Preventive measures Parents can prevent their children from using drugs by talking to them about drugs, open communication, role modeling, responsible behavior, and recognizing if problems are developing Alcohol advertising and promotion is rapidly expanding throughout the world and is increasingly sophisticated and arefully targeted, including to youth. It is aime d to attract, influence, and recruit new generations of potential drinkers despite industry codes of self-regulation that are widely ignored and often not enforced. India is projected as a market with huge potential for the Alcohol Industry resulting in an increased market presence of the industry with their undesirable marketing and promotional activities.India spends about 244 billion rupees each year to manage the direct cost of alcohol use, which is more than the excise earned. (WHO, 2006) It urged the Government of India to adopt and implement the global strategy in order to complement and support public health policies and to mobilize political will and financial resources to reduce harmful use of alcohol. Effective solutions lay in sustainable action, requiring strong leadership, a solid base of awareness, political will and commitment.Public health strategies that seek to regulate the availability of alcohol; reducing the impacts of marketing, including surrogate advertiseme nts, particularly to adolescents, young people and women; mobilising communities to adopt effective approaches to prevent and reduce harmful use of alcohol; reducing the public health harm and social consequences from alcohol intoxication and consumption of illicitly produced alcohol; pricing policies that can be used to reduce underage drinking, halt progression towards drinking large volumes of alcohol and/ or episodes of heavy drinking.Mindful of the present realities, challenges and a lack of a national policy, the workshop Urges the Government of India to formulate a National Alcohol Policy. Programmes have been initiated in the areas of alternatives to drug use, voluntary or governmental. Parent-teacher associations have yet to take roots within the school systems in the country; hence there is a great need for specially designed educational programmes for children. The same holds true for school health and education programmes. Some of the following steps can be taken for pri mary prevention of drug abuse: Research and surveys on drug abuse;Drug education of secondary school and college students, teachers and parents; Dissemination of information on the dangerous effects of intoxicant substances by radio, television and films and discussion of the social consequences in conferences and seminars in educational institutions; and ‘Family life education’ which envisages the provision of community based services to prevent drug abuse by education of parents and children and offering counselling and guidance to drug- prone individuals within the family setting.The National Anti-Drug Strategy focuses on prevention and access to treatment for those with drug dependencies, while at the same time getting tough on drug dealers and producers who threaten the safety of our youth and communities. It is made up of three action plans: * The  Prevention Action Plan  which aims to prevent illicit drug use * The  Treatment Action Plan  which aims to tr eat those with drug dependencies; and * The  Enforcement Action Plan  which aims to combat the production and distribution of illicit drugs. There are many NGO’s who prevent addiction of drugs and alcohol.By the government of india smoking in public area has been said as an offence. And it has been as a punishable crime. Also the government of india had also made a law that a children below 18 years of age cannot be applied to any job regarding production of tobbaco and selling of it. Gutka production and selling has also been baned by the government of india and this has alo been made a punishable crime. Conclusion & Suggestion from the above statement we can here by conclude that intoxication has become a very big issue of our country. ntoxication has covered a measure population and still branching itself in most part of the country. Government is also trying their best and is making their best effort eliminate the problem from the root. They have made many laws and ma king intoxication as a crime. It has been said that â€Å"the best prevention is early  intervention†, but by this time it is too late, the person has already started. If the progress of alcoholism can be stopped early in its course, then great individual and family disruption can be avoided.National efforts at prevention of alcoholism include education at all levels, increased publicity and the creative use of media sources. Such efforts have already influenced nicotine addiction in older smokers; although the message of nicotine’s harmful effects are just beginning to impact teenage smokers. But alcohol and other drug programs   do have clear, positive effects, and prevention activities continue to be applied at local and national levels with different strategies for different target groups.However, as with most things, prevention starts with the individual. APPENDIX-1 INTERVIEW 1 Date : 18. 04. 2013 Name : ARUN KANODIA place : contacted in person Age : 35 Sex : MALE Occupation : ADVOCATE IN PATNA HIGH COURT QUESTION 1: In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in youth or teenagers? ANSWER: By seeing others, they think if they can do then why not me.They are also capable of doing this they also want to show as if they are adult so this kind of tedency develop inside them. And they are at the verge of maturity so they don’t know the consequence. QUESTION 2: what role society play in making the youth drifted towards intoxication? ANSWER: Society plays a great role , because teens see that most of them is intoxicate and they are doing it without any hinderance as no one is there to stop them and no one is saying, protesting. everyone is free to do by his her own will.This attitude motivate them towards intoxication. QUESTION 3:why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casualy? ANSWER :Because they think drinking, smoking is cool. This will show their status this will show their class. while poor people ta ke it because of their social problems and they are so addicted that even if they are knowing about it’s effects then also they won’t bother about their life, they will just go on. People take it causally because they havn’t seen yet the extent of effects of intoxication.They think it’s okay if they will die but they don’t realise that not only them but the person also get effectd by their act. They don’t care about others. they care about their own happiness, own pleasure. QUESTION 4: what are the preventive measures taken by the society till today? ANSWER :Till now only law has been made to prevent this , and violation of these laws will lead to punishment nothing more than that. There is lack of man force to prevent this. Same police is appointed for stoping any aggitation, to be the body guard of VIP person, to maintain peace in crowd like in puja’s, election.So how can the same police can do lots of thing. They are also negligent in their part like ok if he has violated the law then he must be punished only, not to do more than that to prevent that such things in future. So a strong law should be made. QUESTION 5:what should be the preventive measure should be taken to eradicate the consumption of intoxication in near future? ANSWER:Government should completely stop giving licence to these people to run liquor shop, or to sale tobbaco because at the same time they are saying say no to tobacco.Tobbaco is injurious to health and same time they are giving license to run this because they are taking tax from these people which will be benefical to them so profit is on the side of government. Loss is also there because by consuming this people are getting health issues like cancer and many more so for this treatment government is making hospitals for it. And appointment of doctors also take a large amount of money. APPENDIX-2 INTERVIEW 2 Date : 18. 04. 2013Name : GIRDHAR PRASAD place : contacted in person Age : 43 Sex : MALE Occupation : POLICE QUESTION 1: In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in youth or teenagers? ANSWER : They consume because think it’s classy and they want to prove infront of their circle that they are very advance and adult. They do it for fun and they are much more adult and they want to prove that they can drink or smoke without any hindrance. QUESTION 2: what role society play in making the youth drifted towards intoxication?ANSWER : They look after their neighbor who consume alcohol and smoke cigarette and they get fascinated and they try for their pleasure. They think no one to stop them , then who would like to stop them too. QUESTION 3: Why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casually? ANSWER : They consume alcohol too much that they become habituated of it and finally they get addicted. They think this is this the life they are living with full freedom, no hindrance, and they follow the policy of whatever they have t o face they can face it easily.QUESTION 4: What are the preventive measures taken by the government till today? ANSWER : Steps taken by govt. to eliminate intoxication from india Govt. has made an act that there should not be any participation of children below the age of 18 in respect to production n sale of tobacco. Smoking in public area has been made an offence and fine is applicable if one is caught doing this crime. Govt. has increased the rate and taxes so that people consume less tobacco and alcoholic product.QUESTION 5:What should be the preventive measure should be taken to eradicate the consumption of intoxication in near future? ANSWER : People should be educated from beginning about the ill effects of intoxication and what are the several disadvantages of smoking and consuming alcohol. APPENDIX-3 INTERVIEW 3 Date : 18. 04. 2013 Name : PUNSCHA place : contacted in person Age : SINCE 2005 QUESTION 1 : In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in outh or teenagers? ANSWER : They do it because of mental pressure, generally because of self low steem, they are immature in nature in nature. They start by seeing other teenager and peoples of their group and think other teenager have got enough freedom then why can’t they. they start smoking and drinking by seeing them and later join their group and become addicted to it. QUESTION 2: why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casually? Because of their family like in upper class those who are rich . smoking and drinking is normal in today’s arena. ven during their party and functions they arrange the facility to drink and smoke. And thus by seeing those party teenagers of high class family start intoxication just as their do and also parents of this class don’t have time to see what their children are doing. So teenager take it casually. Now in lower class family parents are always engage to earn some money so that they can feed their children and because of this they don’t have time to look after their children and so the children start consuming alcohol without letting their parents know they are alcoholic. So teenager take it casually.But in middle class family parents do stop their children from such things. Parents stop them from the beginning they know the ill effects of intoxicatin and try to educate them about the major disadvantages And children also know that their parents are right and children and so the children also obey their parents so they don’t take it casually. APPENDIX-4 INTERVIEW 4 Date : 18. 04. 2013 Name : TARUN GUPTA place : contacted in person Age : 23Sex : MALE Occupation :STUDYING IN PUNE LAW UNIVERSITY QUESTION 1: In your view why the consumption of intoxication is prevalent in youth or teenagers? ANSWER :Because it makes me feel good it help me to decrease my tension . it gives me pleasure. And if I don’t get get to intoxicate I become very nervous. QUESTION 2: what role society play in making the youth drifted towards intoxication? ANSWER : I don’t care about society I care about myself. QUESTION 3. why youth take the consumption of intoxication very casually? ANSWER :Because when I am free I like to do it.Because by doing it my time passes and I get pleasure too. QUESTION 4: what are the preventive measures taken by the government till today? ANSWER : Government have introduce many measures to stop intoxication but no one is following so I don’t care about any measures which would stop me from doing this. QUESTION 5: what should be the preventive measure should be taken to eradicate the consumption of intoxication in near future? ANSWER : I don’t know though I am addicted I don’t want any preventive measure which will produce hindrance . III. IMAPCT OF INTOXICATIONImpact of this on society When people get intoxicated they find themselves busy in their own life. They don’t bother what’s happening in near their surround ing and they don’t care about it. They just indulge themselves in their intoxication activity as a result of this they don’t contribute to the society. They don’t even support society for it’s upliftment. As a result, the society doesn’t changes and becomes constant. They are least bothered about the circumstances and problems prevalent in the society and the backdrops. So, they give more preference to their ownslves and no one else.They build their own world and pleased to be live in their so called different world. The inference made from this is that the very part of the machine i. e. the society become functionless as the part of the machine become restless by the acts of the intoxicated people. Therefore, the society’s growth of humanity is redusing day by day and the touch of humanity also decreases. This lead to imbalance and imperfection in the society. Impact on their career People who are indulge in intoxication focus on study very less which leads to their failure.They do not follow the schedule because they when they consume alcohol the brain is generally out of order and intoxication also effects the nervous system . so the student can’t concentrate on study. Intoxication creates groupism and when they start groupism they can’t study anymore. They lead a stressfull life. The addicts lose their professional and educational capabilities, self-dignity, and get involved in serious or petty criminal activities. The sole aim in life of an addict becomes the procurement and use of drugs. Other aims and objectives in life are thrown by the roadside.This is the main reason of unemployment. Impact on health speech, euphoria, impaired balance, loss of muscle coordination (ataxia), flushed face, dehydration, vomiting, reddened eyes,  reduced inhibitions, and erratic behavior. Sufficiently high levels of blood-borne alcohol will cause  coma  and death from the depressive effects of alcohol upon theà ‚  central nervous system. They become aggressive and transfer their anger to another person. This is the reason of domestic violence. TABLE OF CONTENT : 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INTOXICATION CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS 3. IMPACT OF INTOXICATION 4. PREVENTIVE MEASURE . APPENDICES : 6. 1 APPENDIX 1 6. 2 APPENDIX 2 6. 3 APPENDIX 3 6. 4 APPENDIX 4 6. 5 6. CONCLUSION 6. 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION : Intoxication is state of being drunk or in influence of such substance which affect our mental stability in such a way that our reasonability of mind is affected as well as our body. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : DOCTRIONAL RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND QUESTIONAIRRE AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: The study aims to know why the youth is under the trap of intoxication and what is the impact made by them by their acts on the society, their profession, family and friends.It also aims to know the legal grounding nature of the consumption and the methods to way forward the eradication of this evils called intoxication. Hence, we cou ld able to make the society evil free and functioned. SOURCE OF DATA: The following secondary sources of data have been used in the project: 1. ooks 2. Website 3. Magazine HYPOTHESIS : Due to societal influence addiction to intoxication initiated through a chain of events such as peer pressure, family influence or personal deviance ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am feeling highly elated to work on the topic â€Å"addiction to intoxicants†. nder the guidance of my SOCIOLOGY teacher. I am very grateful to his for the exemplary guidance. I would like to enlighten my readers regarding this topic and I hope I have tried my best to pave the way for bringing more luminosity to this topic. I also want to thank all of my friends, without whose cooperation this project was not possible. Apart from all these, I want to give special thanks to the librarian of my university who made every relevant materials regarding to my topic available to me at the time of my busy research work and gave me assistan ce.And at last I am very much obliged to the God who provided me the potential for the rigorous research work. At finally yet importantly I would like to thank my parents for the financial support. Kumari arpita 1st year CHANAKYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY A PROJECT ON Addiction of intoxicants Subject: – Sociology Submitted To:- Sangeet Kumar Submitted By:- Kumari Arpita Roll No:-745. 2nd semester, 1st year